DIY Building A Deck

Becoming a self-employed entrepreneur the Netherlands

Registration in the Dutch trade register is compulsory for every company and every legal entity, including ‘freelance’ and ‘zzp’ (‘zelfstandige zonder personeel’ or self-employed without staff).

When you have decided to start your own business a new world is opening up, with a wide variety of possibilities. You could open a shop or start your own consultancy firm; become a full-time or a part-time entrepreneur. Clients may wish to hire you for advice or construction work.
Before plucking up which is planted, there is a time to plant. In other words: you will have to be prepared to tackle challenges as well – either as a provider of services or products, as a self-employed entrepreneur, a sole trader, an independent contractor, or as a freelancer or so-called “ZZP-er”.

The risky side of freedom and independence

Whether you offer services or products: you will do so at your own risk, expense and with full responsibility towards third parties. As well as this, being self-employed entails certain obligations, such as paying taxes and VAT and keeping records of your business activities. Preparing well is the best way to start. You are definitely not on your own; the Dutch business world offers plenty of competent assistance.

Starting point

Before you visit the Chamber of Commerce to register your enterprise, you should have considered the following:

• a permit to start a business in the Netherlands
• a business plan
• legal form and trade name of your enterprise
• taxation and necessary insurance
• business location, commercial lease
• a ‘VAR’-statement from the Tax Administration, declaring you as a self-employed entrepreneur

Starting your own business

If you do not have the Dutch nationality, and want to start a business in the Netherlands, you will have to comply with particular IND (Immigratie en Naturalisatie Dienst, the Dutch immigration authorities) formalities. Even if you are not obliged to register with the IND (for almost all EU nationals) please do so all the same, as it may come in quite handy for other purposes.

The Dutch Chambers of Commerce are incorporated under public law and, as such, target their services at Dutch businesses across all sectors.

Dutch immigration authorities

The legal form of your enterprise makes no difference to the applicability of the rules by the Dutch immigration authorities: whether it is a one-man business, a Dutch private limited (BV), or a branch-office of a foreign company. The rules do not differ either whether you start an enterprise shortly after arriving in the Netherlands, or after having been employed in the Netherlands for some time. However, rules and formalities do differ– broadly speaking for EU nationals and non-EU nationals. Please check also the IND Residence Wizard

EU, EEA and Swiss nationals

Nationals of one of the EU Member States, the EEA (European Economic Area), or a Swiss citizen, are free to live and work on a self-employed basis in the Netherlands and do not need an entry visa or a residence permit.

Even if you are not obliged to register with the IND, do so all the same, as it may come in handy in the future. For instance, when asked for proof of registration on taking out Dutch public healthcare insurance, a healthcare, housing or childcare allowance, a mortgage, or a phone subscription. Registration is free of charge. If you intend to stay over four months, you are always required to register at your local municipality. The expatdesk will help you out here.

Working on a self-employed basis when a EU, EEA and Swiss national

There are no specific IND formalities that have to be fulfilled for nationals of these states.

Different rules apply for citizens of Bulgaria or Romania as long as restrictions on the Dutch labour market remain in force. Nationals of these countries are advised to apply for a residence permit, which will be useful in a number of situations. The procedure is called “Application for assessment under the EU community law (proof of lawful residence)”.

Nationals of non-EU and non-EEA countries

If you are not a national of an EU or EEA country and not Swiss, you will need to apply for a residence permit in case you stay longer than three months in the Netherlands. A residence permit can be obtained from the IND.

If you are a national of a country subject to the Dutch visa requirement for more than three months’ stay, you will have to apply for a special visa: a provisional residence permit, an MVV (Machtiging Voorlopig Verblijf).

Working on a self-employed basis as national of non-EU / non-EEA country and non-Swiss
In this case you will have to meet several economic criteria before starting an enterprise in the Netherlands:

• You are qualified to run the business in question.
• You have a business plan.
• Your business serves an essential Dutch interest, i.e. “added value” for the Netherlands.

The IND does not weigh these criteria itself; the Ministry of Economic Affairs is requested to review your situation and to decide whether the business you intend to run will be economically interesting. If this turns out not to be the case, you cannot start your own business in the Netherlands.

Review of economic added value

• a permit to start a business in the Netherlands
• a business plan
• legal form and trade name of your enterprise
• taxation and necessary insurance
• business location, commercial lease
• a ‘VAR’-statement from the Tax Administration, declaring you as a self-employed entrepreneur

Starting your own business

If you do not have the Dutch nationality, and want to start a business in the Netherlands, you will have to comply with particular IND (Immigratie en Naturalisatie Dienst, the Dutch immigration authorities) formalities. Even if you are not obliged to register with the IND (for almost all EU nationals) please do so all the same, as it may come in quite handy for other purposes.

The Dutch Chambers of Commerce are incorporated under public law and, as such, target their services at Dutch businesses across all sectors.

Dutch immigration authorities

The legal form of your enterprise makes no difference to the applicability of the rules by the Dutch immigration authorities: whether it is a one-man business, a Dutch private limited (BV), or a branch-office of a foreign company. The rules do not differ either whether you start an enterprise shortly after arriving in the Netherlands, or after having been employed in the Netherlands for some time. However, rules and formalities do differ– broadly speaking for EU nationals and non-EU nationals. Please check also the IND Residence Wizard

EU, EEA and Swiss nationals

Nationals of one of the EU Member States, the EEA (European Economic Area), or a Swiss citizen, are free to live and work on a self-employed basis in the Netherlands and do not need an entry visa or a residence permit.

Even if you are not obliged to register with the IND, do so all the same, as it may come in handy in the future. For instance, when asked for proof of registration on taking out Dutch public healthcare insurance, a healthcare, housing or childcare allowance, a mortgage, or a phone subscription. Registration is free of charge. If you intend to stay over four months, you are always required to register at your local municipality. The expatdesk will help you out here.

Working on a self-employed basis when a EU, EEA and Swiss national

There are no specific IND formalities that have to be fulfilled for nationals of these states.

Different rules apply for citizens of Bulgaria or Romania as long as restrictions on the Dutch labour market remain in force. Nationals of these countries are advised to apply for a residence permit, which will be useful in a number of situations. The procedure is called “Application for assessment under the EU community law (proof of lawful residence)”.

Nationals of non-EU and non-EEA countries

If you are not a national of an EU or EEA country and not Swiss, you will need to apply for a residence permit in case you stay longer than three months in the Netherlands. A residence permit can be obtained from the IND.

If you are a national of a country subject to the Dutch visa requirement for more than three months’ stay, you will have to apply for a special visa: a provisional residence permit, an MVV (Machtiging Voorlopig Verblijf).

Working on a self-employed basis as national of non-EU / non-EEA country and non-Swiss
In this case you will have to meet several economic criteria before starting an enterprise in the Netherlands:

• You are qualified to run the business in question.
• You have a business plan.
• Your business serves an essential Dutch interest, i.e. “added value” for the Netherlands.

The IND does not weigh these criteria itself; the Ministry of Economic Affairs is requested to review your situation and to decide whether the business you intend to run will be economically interesting. If this turns out not to be the case, you cannot start your own business in the Netherlands.

Review of economic added value
The Ministry of Economic Affairs awards points for each criterion. You will need a minimum of 30 points for each criterion (total number for all criteria: 300).

The scoring system consists of three parts:

a) Personal experience (education, experience as a self-employed person, working experience);
b) Business plan (market analysis, product/service, price, organisation, financing);
c) Material economic purpose for the Netherlands (innovative, job creation, investments).

You should always contact the IND to find out about the procedure involved in testing the economic interest of the enterprise you intend to start. For nationals of some countries, for example Turkey, special rules apply on the basis of treaties between the EU and these countries. And when you are from the United States of America, it is important to know there is the so-called ‘Nederland-Amerikaans’  vriendschapsverdrag’.

Taking your business from abroad

The Dutch comparative companies Act recognises all foreign legal entities except businesses owned by one man or one woman. If you run a one-person business in your country of origin and you can prove this, for example by submitting a copy of registration in a commercial register in that country, you can bring this enterprise to the Netherlands and have it registered at the Chamber of Commerce as a Dutch one-man or -woman business.

Other legal foreign entities or foreign business forms are simply registered as a foreign legal entity with commercial activities.

Please note that you will still have to comply with the IND residency rules

Starting a branch office in the Netherlands

There is a question of a branch when long-lasting business operations, which form part of the foreign enterprise, are (being) conducted in the Netherlands. A branch can be: a sales office or a production company, but also a representative office. It does not have an independent legal form, but is a part of the foreign enterprise.

Dutch law recognises foreign legal entities. In other words: the foreign legal entity wishing to start activities in the Netherlands needs not be converted into a Dutch legal form.

A business plan is essential

No matter small or big the business is, a business plan will help you identify areas of strengths and weaknesses.

Banks require a business plan when you take out a loan. Even if you do not need the latter, and financing your enterprise is not a problem, a business plan will definitely help you understand the impact of starting a business. Submitting a business plan is also one of the criteria set for non-EU and non-EEA nationals to be allowed to start their own enterprise in the Netherlands.

Get started: Write the plan yourself

Crucial questions you should ask are:

• Which legal form will best suit the enterprise?
• Which products or services will you offer?
• Who will be your clients?
• Promotional activities to get contracts?
• How to optimize visibility to your target group?
• Which prices and fees?
• Financial plan (available budgets, expected turnover, investments)?
• Which insurances do you need?
• Permits and/or licences required?
• Administrational organisation, which form?
• What should be included in your General Terms and Conditions – if applicable?

Formats

Business plan formats can be obtained from various private parties that specialise in supporting starters. Just surf the internet.  Small business planner at http://www.sba.gov/ is a useful site.

Employment law issue: employed or self-employed?

If you go freelance, you should pay extra attention to your situation, because the term ‘freelancer’ is not a definition recognized by law. Freelancers operate somewhere in between being self-employed and being in paid employment.

As an independent entrepreneur you pay taxes and contributions yourself, and you are not entitled to rights employers are: minimum wage, paid holidays, a holiday allowance, statutory safeguards against dismissal and a statutory notice period.

In order to designate the employment relationship while starting your business, it is important to consider different contracts and apply for a Verklaring Arbeidsrelatie (VAR) at the Tax Administration.

Employment on the basis of a contract and implied employment

Regardless of the title chosen for the contract with your client, it is considered an employment contract if the following criteria are met:

• your remuneration for the work performed can be seen as wages;
• there is an obligation to do the work yourself: you cannot send someone else to do the job for you. Having to be available for specific work, e.g. on-call service, will also be considered as work performed in employment;
• a relationship of authority: the employer can determine where, when and how the work should be carried out. This relation also exists if the work you do is an essential element in the employer’s business operations or if the employer’s profitability is at risk without you.

If the working relation does not show all characteristics of a “proper” employment relation, it may still be seen as one. This is called a notional employment relationship: although the employment relation has not been established explicitly, there is an implicit employer-employee relation. Consequently, the fee you charge is seen as wage, so, the employer will have to deduct taxes from your wages and pay national insurance and employee insurance contributions.

A notional employment relation exists if:

• you work for a client project for at least at two days a week;
• you earn more than 40% of the minimum wages for the project a week;
• the relation with the client lasts more than 30 days; a new contract within one month after the termination of the first contract is seen as continuation of the previous contract.

A notional employment does not exist if actual and practical independence can be proven, for which a VAR can be instrumental.

Commercial contracts

As a self-employed entrepreneur you or your client can initiate to formalise the contractor-client relation by entering into a commercial contract. Parties should always insist on putting down the arrangements agreed upon.
There are two types of commercial contracts:
1.    Service agreement – Under this type of contract you are obliged to perform to the best of your ability, committing yourself to do your client’s work without being employed by him. The work is usually classified as services’.
2.    Contractor agreement – Under this type of contract you have a specific target obligation. You commit yourself to produce a concrete, tangible object at a certain price.

Criteria for legal independence: Actual circumstances are decisive here. An official statement signed by client and yourself that the contract is a commercial one is helpful proof. Criteria are:

• the degree of independence and absence of supervision/authority;
• permanence;
• pursuit of profit;
• clientele.

Not just these criteria, but their interconnection especially plays a decisive role.

De Verklaring Arbeidsrelatie (VAR)

In order to designate the employment relationship you can apply for a Verklaring Arbeidsrelatie (VAR) at the Tax Administration. The VAR is an official statement. Based upon the applicant’s information the Tax Administration will define income as:

• Income earned in employment: the freelancer will have a VAR income.
• Income earned from other proceedings: the freelancer will have a VAR-row.
• Profit from enterprise: the freelancer will have a VAR-wuo.
• Partnership’s own risk and account: the freelancer will have a VAR-dga.

VAR-income and -row: employed or not?

With a view to the VAR-income and –row, the employer will have to define and check whether he should pay income tax and employees insurance premiums, based upon the existence of an employment contract or otherwise. Explanatory assistance – but no definite answer! – can be found at the website of the Ministry of Finance. The Tax Administration may conclude differently.

VAR-wuo and –dga: certainty in advance

Only VAR-wuo or -dga supply the employer beforehand with complete financial certainty provided he meets the following conditions:

• The freelancer’s activities should be similar to the VAR’s description. So, the freelancer is not entitled to carry out IT work if the VAR denotes carpentry.
• The freelancer is on the job during the validity of the VAR (1 calendar year).
• The VAR should be the authentic original.
• The employer should determine the freelancer’s identity on the basis of a valid proof of identity (not driver’s licence). Copies of the VAR and proof of identity should be kept in the administration for seven years.

Having acted this way, the employer has a solid defence in case the Tax Administration or UWV may reach another verdict afterwards. So, it may be wise for both freelancers and employers to object against a VAR-income or -row.

VAR application

Bearing in mind the utmost importance of the VAR-outcome, it is obviously important to carefully fill out the VAR-form. Only the freelancer him/herself is allowed to apply for a Verklaring Arbeidsrelatie (VAR); the employer is not entitled to do this. A directeur-groot aandeelhouder (DGA) should apply for a VAR in case of external consultancy.

The Tax Administration provides a digital VAR application form; to which you will get a reply within 8 weeks. If additional information is needed, the Tax Administration will contact the applicant.

Please note the following when filling out the form: The Tax Administration considers request as a total, coherently, and takes the activities into account. If not all answers are favourable it does not necessarily mean that no VAR-wuo will be given. For example: an interim manager with two or more employers can still be entitled to a VAR-wuo.

The freelancer should write down reasonable expectations. If, however, the actual situation afterwards turns out to have been differently, this will not have any consequences as long as the deviation is within normal risk of enterprise limits. For example, the freelancer expected to have 3 or more employers, but due to a recession this turned out differently.  

The freelancer has to fill out the form to the best of his knowledge and should not deliberately misrepresent the state of affairs. If this should afterwards be proven to have been the case, the Tax Administration will recover the indebted taxes and premiums from the freelancer.

Some of the questions need a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ only; choose the nearest suitable.

Relation employer/former employer

As a part-time independent entrepreneur / part-time employee you could get involved in a conflict of interest with your (former) employer. If you intend to provide services, comparable to the ones he provides, you better ask his permission/advice to run your own business.

Starting a business as a full-time independent entrepreneur you should be aware of a possible conflict of interests as well. You probably signed a non-competition clause within your employment contract that remains valid after termination of employment. In any case it is wise to contact/consult your (former) employer of your intentions.

Legal forms and registration of an enterprise

The Chambers of Commerce can answer your questions about the legal environment of your business. Seminars and other regular services are available.

The majority of starting entrepreneurs either choose a one-man business or a general partnership as the legal form for their business, according to their preference on doing business by themselves or in cooperation with others.

In order to accommodate the starting entrepreneur or professional, Dutch law recognizes various legal forms, such as a one-man business, a private limited company (BV), a partnership or a limited partnership. The main issues at stake are the matter of liability if your enterprise should run up debts, and which tax regime applies.

One-person business

One-person business (lit. one-man in Dutch: eenmanzak) is also referred to as sole trader or sole proprietorship or independent contractor.

If you start a one-person business you will be the fully independent founder and owner. More than one person may work in a one-person business, but there can only be one owner. A one-person business can also employ personnel.

Setting up

You can establish a one-person business without a notarial deed. Registration in the Trade Register is mandatory. As a private individual you can only register one one-man business. However, you can have more than one trade name and carry out various business activities under different trade names. These activities can be carried out at the same or at another address, as a branch office of the one-man business.

Liability

As the owner of a one-person business you are responsible for everything concerning your enterprise; for every legal act and all its assets and liabilities. No distinction is made between private and business property. Thus, business creditors can seek recovery from your private property and private creditors from your business property. If your one-man business goes bankrupt, you yourself go bankrupt as well.

If the owner of a one-person business should be married in a community of property regime, the creditors may also lay claim to the partner’s property. Partner liability can be avoided by a prenuptial or a postnuptial agreement drafted by a civil-law notary. However, since partners are usually requested to co-sign when taking a loan, the agreement may not offer the protection expected. A civil-law notary can provide more information.

Taxes and social security

The profit made in a one-person business is taxed in box 1 – income tax. If the Tax Administration fully considers you an entrepreneur, you are entitled to tax allowances such as the entrepreneur’s allowance, investment allowance and the tax-deferred retirement allowance.

The owner of a one-person business cannot claim social benefits under the Sickness Benefits Act, the Work and Income Act and the Unemployment Insurance Act. Therefore, it is advisable to take out insurances to cover these risks. You will qualify for the following national insurance schemes:

• General Old Age Pensions Act
• -Surviving Dependants Act
• Exceptional Medical Expenses Act
• General Child Benefit Act

Continuation of the business activities and business succession

With a one-man business no distinction is made between private and business. If you die, both business and private property will fall into your heirs’ estate. You will need to make provisions to guarantee your business’ continuity. A tax consultant could provide more details.

B. General partnership, the “VOF”

A general partnership is a form of cooperation in which you run a business with one or more business partners. You and your partner(s) are the associates or members of the general partnership. One of the characteristics of this legal form is that each partner contributes something to the business: capital, goods, efforts (work) and/or goodwill.

Setting up

A partnership contract is not a statutory requirement for the formation of a general partnership, but it is, of course, advisable to put down in writing what you and your business partner(s) have agreed upon. A partnership contract could arrange the following matters:

• name of the general partnership;
• objective;
• contributions by partners in capital, knowhow, goodwill, assets and efforts (work);
• distribution of profits and offset of loss;
• allocation of powers;
• arrangements in case of illness;
• arrangements for a partner’s days off/ holiday.

Liability

An important characteristic of the general partnership is the joint and separate liability of the partners. Each partner can be held fully liable – including private property – if the general partnership fails to meet its obligations, even if these obligations were entered into by another, authorised partner. Creditors of the partnership may seek recovery from your business property and your private property and the property of the other partner(s). Restrictions agreed upon in the partners’ authority have to be officially registered in order to gain legal effectiveness towards third parties.

The general partnership usually has ‘separate capital’, i.e. the business capital contributed by the partners, which is kept apart from their private property and capital. This capital is to be solely used for business purposes. Should one or more creditors seek recovery from the partnership – for instance in the case of bankruptcy – they could do so from the separate capital. If this should be inadequate to pay the partnership’s debts, creditors may seek full recovery from the partners’ private property. If so, you could hold the other partner(s) liable for having failed to meet their obligations, but only after the creditors have been paid. In private matters creditors of partners cannot seek recovery from the partnership’s business assets or the private property of the other partner(s).

Because of this partners’ broad liability it is advisable to have a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement drafted if you are married under a community of property regime. A civil-law notary could provide you with more information.

Taxes and social security

Each partner will pay their own income tax on his profit share. If the Tax Administration sees the individual partner as an entrepreneur, they are entitled to all kinds of tax allowances, such as the entrepreneur’s allowance, investment allowance and the tax-deferred retirement allowance.

As far as social security is concerned, the same rules apply for the entrepreneur – partner as for the owner of a one-person business.

Continuation of the business activities and business succession

Under Dutch law the general partnership ends when one of the partners resigns or dies. In order to secure the continuation of the general partnership, the partners can include a clause in the partnership contract arranging for the other partners to continue the general partnership – with or without a new partner – or to terminate it.  

C. Limited partnership, the “CV”

A limited partnership, the “CV”, is a special type of general partnership (VOF). The difference is that the CV has two types of business partners: general, and limited or sleeping partners. The latter are only financially involved; they cannot act on behalf of the partnership. Besides, the name of a limited partner cannot be used in the trade name of the limited partnership.

Setting up

A partnership contract is no statutory requirement for a limited partnership, but, again, partners better put down the agreements. Apart from the matters mentioned in the VOF, the contract should arrange the distribution of profit between general and limited partners. When registering a limited partnership in the Trade Register, the personal details of the general partners are listed; the details concerning the limited partners are restricted to total number and their contributions in the partnership.

Liability

General partners can be held fully liable if the partnership fails to meet its obligations. Bankruptcy of the limited partnership will automatically lead to the general partners’ bankruptcy (not applicable to limited partners). A limited partner can only be held liable to the maximum sum contributed to the partnership. However, should the limited partner act on behalf of the partnership, he will be seen as a general partner and fully liable, in which case creditors of the partnership can lay claim on his private property as well. Restrictions agreed upon in the partners’ authority have to be officially registered in order to gain legal force towards third parties.

The general partners’ liability in a limited partnership is quite broad, so, if partners are married under a community of property regime they are advised to have a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement drafted. A civil-law notary could provide more information.

Taxes and social security

General partners pay income tax on their share in the profit. If the Tax Administration sees the individual partner as an entrepreneur, they are entitled to various tax allowances, such as the entrepreneur’s allowance, investment allowance and the tax-deferred retirement allowance. As far as social security is concerned, the same rules apply to the entrepreneur – partner as to the owner of a one-person business. Limited partners, who cannot be held personally liable for the enterprise’s debts, are not seen as entrepreneurs by the Tax Administration.

Continuation of the business activities and business succession

Under Dutch law the limited partnership ends when one of the partners resigns or dies. In order to secure the continuation of the limited partnership, the partners can include a clause in the contract arranging for the other partners to continue the partnership – with or without a new partner – or to terminate it.

D. Professional partnership, the ‘maatschap’

The partnership referred to as ‘maatschap’ under Dutch law differs from the general partnership and the limited partnership in that it is a form of cooperation established by professionals such as doctors, dentist, lawyers, accountants, physiotherapists etc., rather than a cooperation established for the purpose of doing business. The partners are referred to as ‘maten’ instead of ‘partners’. Each ‘maat’ contributes personal efforts, capital and/or assets. The purpose is to share the income earned on the one hand and the expenses incurred on the other.
Setting up a professional partnership

A partnership contract is no statutory requirement for the formation of a professional partnership, but partners better lay down their agreements with the other professionals in a partnership contract. This partnership contract could arrange the following matters:

• contributions made by the partners;
• distribution of profits, pro rata each partner’s contribution – distributing all profit to one partner is not allowed;
• allocation of powers – each partner is entitled to perform management acts, unless agreed upon otherwise; as of 1 July 2008 the professional partnership has to register in the Trade Register. This does not apply to partnerships that only act internally, such as a partnership in which costs are pooled.

Liability

Each authorised partner can enter into a contract, thus binding the partnership: all partners. Each partner can be held liable for an equal part. If a partner should act beyond his authorization, the other partners will in principle not be held liable: the partner in question is the only partner that has bound himself. A professional partnership has no ‘separate capital’ from the private assets of the partners. Creditors having a claim on the partnership can only seek recovery for equal parts from the individual partners; these creditors do not rank above creditors who have a claim on the private assets of a partner. To a married partner the same reservations apply as to the general partners in general partnerships and limited partnerships. They are advised to have a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement drafted. A civil-law notary could provide more information.

Taxes and social security
Each partner pays income tax on his profit share. If the Tax Administration sees the individual partner as an entrepreneur, he is entitled to various tax allowances, such as the entrepreneur’s allowance, investment allowance and the tax-deferred retirement allowance. Regarding social security the same rules apply to the entrepreneur – partner as to the owner of a one-man business

Continuation of the business activities and business succession

Under Dutch law the professional partnership ends when one of the partners resigns or dies. In order to secure the continuation of the partnership, the partners can include a clause in the contract arranging for the other partners to continue the partnership – with or without a new partner – or to terminate it.

E. Private company with limited liability, ‘BV’

In contrast to the legal forms described above – enterprises run by natural persons – the private limited is a legal person: a person having rights and obligations, just like a natural person. The natural person who has incorporated the private limited cannot be held liable, in principle, for the debts incurred by the private limited. The BV itself is seen as the entrepreneur, whereas the natural person who is appointed director merely acts on behalf of the BV and cannot be held personally liable for his acts. A private limited company can be incorporated by one person – a sole shareholder BV – or by more persons. The capital of a private limited is divided in shares.

Incorporating

This involves a number of statutory requirements, most important of which:
Incorporation takes place through a notarial deed. This should include the articles of association of the company. The civil-law notary will check the legal contents of the articles.
A certificate of no-objection from the Ministry of Justice must be submitted before the incorporation can be effected. The Ministry checks whether the person incorporating the company has ever been involved in bankruptcy proceedings or fraud cases.

The incorporation of a BV requires a minimum capital of EUR 18,000 (cash or in kind) in the private limited.

Liability

The shareholder’s liability is limited to the total sum of his participation. Since the BV is a legal person, having its own independent rights and obligations, the persons involved – directors and supervisors – cannot be held liable for the debt of the company. In other words: the company’s creditors can never seek recovery from the private assets of these officers. However, a company director or officer may be held liable as a private person if he has acted negligently or culpably. If they are responsible for the company’s bankruptcy because of wrongful or fraudulent behaviour in the company’s policy, creditors of the company may file a claim against them.

In the formation phase of the company, a director may be liable for the company’s acts. This liability ends as soon as the legal person is incorporated and the acts are confirmed by the company. As long as the company has not been registered in the Trade Register, directors’ and officers’ liability continues. In practice, limited liability often does not apply because banks require the director and principal shareholder of the company to co-sign for loans taken out on behalf of the BV.

Taxes and social security

The private limited pays corporation tax – also referred to as company income tax – on the profits earned. The BV’s director and shareholder are employed by the BV His eligibility for social security under the Dutch social security laws depends on the relation of authority between himself and the private limited. A relation of authority is considered not to exist if:

• the director, possibly with his or her spouse, can cast more than 50% of the votes in the shareholders’ meeting;
• two thirds or more of the shares are held by the director and/or close relatives up to the third degree;
• the director cannot be dismissed against their will.

Without a relation of authority, the director and shareholder cannot rely on the social security insurances. He will have to take out his own insurances; to him the same rules apply as to the owner of a one-person business.

Continuation of the business activities and business succession

Continuation of the company is secured by the fact that the BV is a legal person that exists independently from the persons having incorporated or managing the private limited. When the director dies, the continuation of the enterprise is not at risk, viz. the enterprise is run by the BV and a new director will have to be appointed.

A private limited can be sold in two different ways:

• BV’s shares are sold;
• BV’s enterprise (machines, inventory, stocks, etc.) is sold.

If the shares are sold, the proceeds are subject to income tax (box 2) if the shareholder has a substantial interest (holder of a minimum of 5% of the shares).

If the enterprise is sold, the BV will have to pay corporation tax on the profit or book profit on the sale. If the shareholder of the BV selling the enterprise is a BV itself, the structure is referred to as a holding – advantage of which: the holding will in principle have to pay taxes on the proceeds.

Registration of your enterprise

Before you are allowed to start your business operations, you have to register your enterprise in the Dutch Trade Register, which is administered by the Chambers of Commerce. Registrations in the Trade Register are public; everyone can check whether a particular person is authorised to act on behalf of an enterprise and which legal form it has: a one-man business, a partnership or a private or public limited.

The Chamber of Commerce could run a trade name investigation for you to make sure that the selected trade name does not infringe the rights of other enterprises. This trade name investigation is not free of charge.

Holland Gateway (the cooperation of the Netherlands Chambers of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs and other official institutions) is located at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. This bureau promotes the ease of doing business in the Netherlands.

How to register your enterprise

Registration requirements

Once you have decided upon your business’ legal form, you can have your enterprise registered at the local Chamber of Commerce. Registration should take place within a period of one week preceding, and one week following the actual commencement of business activities.

Without registration in the GBA, you will need to submit authenticated proof of your residential address abroad. The person registering the business has to submit a valid proof of identity, which document has to be personally submitted at the Chamber of Commerce. The following documents are accepted as valid IDs:

• a valid travel document (passport or European ID card);
• a valid Dutch driving licence (non-Dutch driving licence not accepted);
• a residence permit issued by the IND;
• a Dutch refugee passport
• a Dutch aliens passport

If you do not start your business at your home address but at a location you have e.g. rented, you will also be requested to show the lease to confirm the business address.

Once the registration has been completed, you will be given a unique eight-figure registration number. This KvK number should be referred to on all your outgoing mail. Free of charge, you will receive an extract of your registration, a KvK-‘uittreksel’(excerpt).

Who can register the enterprise

When an enterprise is registered at the Chamber of Commerce, it is of the utmost importance that the registration forms which are submitted have been signed by the right person. Depending on the legal form of the enterprise, the forms can be registered in the Trade Register by:

• the owner of the one-man business (registration of a one-man business),
• the partners (registration of a general partnership, VOF, and a professional partnership, ‘maatschap’)
• or the general partners (registration of a limited partnership, ‘CV’)
• If the enterprise is a legal person, a BV, the civil-law notary will usually see to the registration formalities.

The persons who should register the enterprise and sign the registration forms can also be held responsible in the event an enterprise is not registered.

In special circumstances other persons may be authorized and/or obliged to see to the registration of an enterprise. The Chamber of Commerce can advise you on these circumstances.

Registration forms

The registration forms can be downloaded from the Chamber of Commerce website. As a statutory requirement, all forms are in Dutch and have to be completed in Dutch. Translations in English of forms 6, 11 and 13 are available to assist you while filling in the Dutch form to be handed in.
Registration is not free of charge. When you register a business, a fee will be due for the calendar year the enterprise is registered in. After that initial year, an annual fee will be charged in the first quarter of each year. The total sum of this contribution depends on the legal form.

After registration

Once the enterprise has been registered, it is the owner or partner’s responsibility to keep the information up-to-date. With a BV the manager authorised to act on behalf of the BV is responsible.

Permits and Licences

Most business activities can be performed without any permits or licences, but for some activities, like catering business, transport or taxi firm, you do need a licence. And an environmental permit may be required if your products or business operations negatively affect the environment. Permits and licences can be applied for at the municipality or at the provincial authorities.

Check how you can use your degree or diploma for your business in the Netherlands. International Credential Evaluation: http://www.idw.nl/international-credential-evaluation.html

Some sectors require registration with an industry board or a product board. Registration is a statutory requirement, based on the Act on Business Organisations. An industry board is a kind of interest group for a specific sector. The same applies to a product board, which includes all enterprises in a production chain, from producers of raw material to manufacturers of end products.

Termination / dissolution of the enterprise

When transferring or selling your company, you will have to comply with a number of rules and regulations. You should also enter information about the sale into the Trade Register and reach a settlement with the Tax and Customs Administration. A business transfer within the family involves several other tax aspects.

Expatica will publish Becoming a self-employed entrepreneur the Netherlands (part 1) on Sunday 27 February.

 

Chambers of Commerce
The Dutch Chambers of Commerce provide information on starting a business, legal forms, registration in the trade register, international trade etc. We have accumulated knowledge, contacts and partnerships, which makes it the essential reference point for every firm doing or seeking to do business.

Drop by for specific information
Apart from general information, the Chambers of Commerce will be glad to provide you with further details regarding your specific position:  either at the start of your business or while running it. 

If you are located and/or interested in the Region Amsterdam:
Do call 020-5314684 for a consultation with one of our specialists of the Bedrijfsvoorlichting department.

About the Author

www.expatica.com is the largest news and information provider for international community in Europe. Founded in 2000, Expatica’s mission is to help expats settle into their new country of residence by providing up-to-date English news and information. The rich content Expatica supplies cover all aspects of expat life, which makes it a must-read online source for expats.

Tony Abbott says work in the mines – Kochie says show us your skills Part 2/2

Mines $24.99 Mines – Photographic Print

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A Statement For Non-Exclusion $24.86 Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free.This is an OCR edition with typos.Excerpt from book:The next report on the relations of the Chinese to the industries of this State is found in the proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of the California Legislature. This document is entitled the “Report of the Joint Select Committee Relative to the Chinese Population of the State of California.” The greater part of that report is given here, for the reason that it is the first State document that gives anything like a fair statement as to the employment of the Chinese throughout the State, the prohable profits of their labors in the mines, their necessity and utility in the establishment of manulac- tures, the outrages that have been perpetrated in extorting unlawful taxes from them, and the hopes that were entertained by the committee of the benefits that would result to this country from the new line of “mail steamers which will enable us to become better acquainted with this wonderful people.” REPORT. Mr. President: The joint select committee of the Legislature, which was appointed to confer with the Chinese mer- shants of this State, and to report the result of said conference to the Legislature, together with such views as bear upon the legality of admitting and the influence of a permanent Chinese population amongst us, beg leave to submit the following report: Your committee has had several interviews with the leading Chinese merchants of this city, and found them to be men of intelligence, ability and cultivation, who kindly and promptly met our many inquiries in a spirit and with an urbanity that left upon our minds favorable impressions. They placed us in possession of a mass of statistics respecting the industry and the value of the labors of their countrymen to this State, which we here present. These statements surprise us, and we feel confident they

By the Sweat of Their Brow: Women Workers at Victorian Coal Mines $235 The pit brow lasses who sorted coal and performed a variety of jobs above ground at British coal mines prompted a violent debate about women’s work in the nineteenth century. Seen as the prime example of degraded womanhood, the pit brow woman was regarded as an aberration in a masculine domain, cruelly torn from her ‘natural sphere’, the home. The, attempt to restrict women’s work at the mines in the 1880s highlights the dichotomy between the fashionable ideal of womanhood and the necessity and reality of female manual labour.Although only a tiny percentage of the colliery labour force, the pit lasses aroused an interest out of all proportion to their numbers and their work became a test case for women’s outdoor manual employment. Angela John discusses the implications of this debate, showing how it encapsulates many of the ambivalences of late Victorian attitudes towards working-class female employment, and at the same time raises wider questions both about women’s work in industries seen as traditionally male enclaves, and about the ways in which women within the working community have been presented by historians.This book was first published in 1980.

Cornish Mines $26.37 New – This is the seventh volume in a continuing series of The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom 1845-1913 and completes coverage of the South West of England. Cornwall was the greatest mining district in the country during this period and the number and output of its mines dwarfed those of all other regions. This book shows the industry at its peak and through the first years of irreversable decline, recording, in detail, the output, ownership, management and employment of every working

Cornish Mines $34.86 New – This is the seventh volume in a continuing series of The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom 1845-1913 and completes coverage of the South West of England. Cornwall was the greatest mining district in the country during this period and the number and output of its mines dwarfed those of all other regions. This book shows the industry at its peak and through the first years of irreversable decline, recording, in detail, the output, ownership, management and employment of every working

Deindustrialization and the decline of community in the coalfields: McDowell County, West Virginia, 1950–2000. $69 During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the coal industry entered McDowell County, a predominantly rural county in southern West Virginia. Because of common experiences working and living in the coalfields, workers of significantly different backgrounds created a unique, working-class community in McDowell County. Although the coal industry experienced numerous downturns during the first half of the twentieth century, there was a long-term rise in the number of workers employed by the industry. By 1950, McDowell County had a population of almost 100,000, most of which was impacted by the coal industry.;After World War II, however, the industry began to change. Competition from alternative fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and nuclear power, forced coal companies to cut costs in order to survive in a tight market. Companies first tried mechanization to cut labor costs, a phenomenon that had roots well before the post-war period. For those companies that could not, or would not, implement machinery, the only true alternative was to close the mines.;I argue that deindustrialization, the combination of mechanization and disinvestment in McDowell County, contributed to the loss of the unique coalfield community that flourished in the county during much of the twentieth century. This occurred in two ways. First, many former miners left the county in an attempt to find work; most migrated either to the Midwest or to Maryland. Second, those who remained found a county much different than before. The lack of diversification in the county’s economy limited the employment prospects of the people remaining, leading to a significant increase in poverty. The decline in coal employment and the increase in poverty created a society of contrasts, where some residents succeeded, while many more struggled to survive.

Devon and Somerset Mines: Metalliferous and Associated Minerals 1845-1913 $74.61 This is th sixth volume in the continuing serues if The Mineral Statistic of the United Kingdom 1845-1913 and begins the coverage of the South West Peninsular. Devon and Somerset mines ae less well known than their Cornish neighbours but they had a continuius history lasting two thousand years and included some of the world’’s biggest producers. This volume looks at the last years of the industry, tracing its decline from a high point in the mid-nineteenth century to near extinction in the the years immediately proceeding the Frst World War. Briging together offficial government returns of production, ownership, management and employment, it provides basic information of new locational informatuion in the form of Ordance Survey Grid References makes this the most comprehenive field guide to the still substantial surface and underground remains of both counties.

Early Ozarks: A Family’s Journey, Missouri (Images of America Series) $7.75 Domino Danzero’s journey, which began in Italy in 1890, led him penniless to New York. The young immigrant came to the Midwest and found work in the coal mines of Illinois and the restaurants of Chicago. Through his travels and his work he gained employment with the Frisco railroad, where he became the overseer of Harvey Houses and Frisco dining cars throughout the central United States. Photography was his hobby and he was commissioned to take photographs for the Frisco railroad. The turn-of-the-century photographs featured in The Early Ozarks: A Family’s Journey portray the humanness of people living in the Ozarks. They provide a glimpse of the better things in life–food, family, and friends–reflecting fundamental human compassion and the way of living at the early part of the twentieth century.

Greenup County $21.99 Greenup County, bordering the Ohio River in northeast Kentucky, is rich in history and culture. Settlers first arrived in the mid-1700s and carved farms from the hardwood forests. Lucy Virgin Downs, the first white child born west of the Alleghenies, lived in Greenup County, as did Jesse Boone, brother of Kentucky icon Daniel Boone. The 20th century brought industrialization and economic diversification to the historically agricultural area. Ashland Oil, a Fortune 500 company, maintained corporate headquarters in Greenup County. Two steel mills, a large rail yard, an excellent hospital, and a number of surface mines also provided employment to many people who continued to work their family farms, too. This economic progress was mirrored in every aspect of county life as education, health care, and recreation all improved dramatically. Today Greenup County’’s history is appreciated by both longtime residents and cultural tourists.

Greenup County, Kentucky (Images of America Series) $13.81 Greenup County, bordering the Ohio River in northeast Kentucky, is rich in history and culture. Settlers first arrived in the mid-1700s and carved farms from the hardwood forests. Lucy Virgin Downs, the first white child born west of the Alleghenies, lived in Greenup County, as did Jesse Boone, brother of Kentucky icon Daniel Boone. The 20th century brought industrialization and economic diversification to the historically agricultural area. Ashland Oil, a Fortune 500 company, maintained corporate headquarters in Greenup County. Two steel mills, a large rail yard, an excellent hospital, and a number of surface mines also provided employment to many people who continued to work their family farms, too. This economic progress was mirrored in every aspect of county life as education, health care, and recreation all improved dramatically. Today Greenup County’s history is appreciated by both longtime residents and cultural tourists.

Gunnison and San Juan; A Late and Reliable Description of the Wonderful Gold and Silver Belts and Iron and Coal Fields of That Newest and Best $20.43 Title: Gunnison and San Juan: a Late and Reliable Description of the Wonderful Gold and Silver Belts and Iron and Coal Fields of That Newest and Best Land for Prospector and Capitalist, Southwestern Colorado: With Facts on Climate, Soil, Forests, Scenery, Game, Fish, Cities, Towns, Population, Development, Routes, Rates of Fare, Employment, Wages, Living Expenses, Etc.: as Presented in a Series of Letters Written to the new York World Publisher: Omaha: New West Pub. Co. Publication date: 1881 Subjects: Mines and mineral resources — Colorado Colorado — Description and travel Notes: This is an OCR reprint. There may be numerous typos or missing text. There are no illustrations or indexes. When you buy the General Books edition of this book you get free trial access to Million-Books.com where you can select from more than a million books for free. You can also preview the book there.

Kansas Mining Laws And Laws Especially Affecting The Employment Of Labor In Mines (Annotated), Compiled For State Department Of Labor And Industry $20.75 This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Kansas Mining Laws And Laws Especially Affecting The Employment Of Labor In Mines (annotated)… $20.75 Created by Kansas, Created by Kansas. Dept. of Labor and Industry,Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by Nabu Press

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated), Compiled for State Department of Labor and Industry $13.22 New

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated), Compiled for State Department of Labor and Industry $19.19 Used – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as pa

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated), Compiled for State Department of Labor and Industry $12.74 New

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated), Compiled for State Department of Labor and Industry $10.22 New – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as par

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated), Compiled for State Department of Labor and Industry $19.19 New – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as par

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated), Compiled for State Department of Labor and Industry $10.22 Used – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as pa

Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated)… $14.27 New

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Kansas Mining Laws and Laws Especially Affecting the Employment of Labor in Mines (Annotated)… $12.82 Used

Landmine Warfare $28.62 Used – Mines are among the best artificial obstacles—they are portable, installed relatively easily, and constitute a hazard to the enemy; however large scale employment of mines requires considerable time, manpower, and logistical effort. Mines delay and canalize enemy movement, lower the enemy’s will to fight, and cause fear of sudden and unexpected casualties. Mines, in contrast to passive obstacles such as road craters and barbed wire, are termed active obstacles because of their destructi

Landmine Warfare $24.73 New – Mines are among the best artificial obstacles—they are portable, installed relatively easily, and constitute a hazard to the enemy; however large scale employment of mines requires considerable time, manpower, and logistical effort. Mines delay and canalize enemy movement, lower the enemy’s will to fight, and cause fear of sudden and unexpected casualties. Mines, in contrast to passive obstacles such as road craters and barbed wire, are termed active obstacles because of their destructiv

Landmine Warfare $32.72 Used – Mines are among the best artificial obstacles—they are portable, installed relatively easily, and constitute a hazard to the enemy; however large scale employment of mines requires considerable time, manpower, and logistical effort. Mines delay and canalize enemy movement, lower the enemy’s will to fight, and cause fear of sudden and unexpected casualties. Mines, in contrast to passive obstacles such as road craters and barbed wire, are termed active obstacles because of their destructi

Landmine Warfare $24.73 Used – Mines are among the best artificial obstacles—they are portable, installed relatively easily, and constitute a hazard to the enemy; however large scale employment of mines requires considerable time, manpower, and logistical effort. Mines delay and canalize enemy movement, lower the enemy’s will to fight, and cause fear of sudden and unexpected casualties. Mines, in contrast to passive obstacles such as road craters and barbed wire, are termed active obstacles because of their destructi

Landmine Warfare $32.72 New – Mines are among the best artificial obstacles—they are portable, installed relatively easily, and constitute a hazard to the enemy; however large scale employment of mines requires considerable time, manpower, and logistical effort. Mines delay and canalize enemy movement, lower the enemy’s will to fight, and cause fear of sudden and unexpected casualties. Mines, in contrast to passive obstacles such as road craters and barbed wire, are termed active obstacles because of their destructiv

Landmine Warfare $36 Used – Mines are among the best artificial obstacles—they are portable, installed relatively easily, and constitute a hazard to the enemy; however large scale employment of mines requires considerable time, manpower, and logistical effort. Mines delay and canalize enemy movement, lower the enemy’s will to fight, and cause fear of sudden and unexpected casualties. Mines, in contrast to passive obstacles such as road craters and barbed wire, are termed active obstacles because of their destructi

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $15.74 New – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally appe

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $14.17 New – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally appe

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $20.34 New – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally appe

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $14.4 New – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally appe

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $12.9 Used – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally app

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $14.77 Used – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally app

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $14.75 Used – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally app

Little Cities of Black Diamonds $13.75 Used – Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally app

Little Cities of Black Diamonds, Ohio (Images of America Series) $21.99 Sitting astride the 14-foot Great Vein of bituminous coal, the communities of the Hocking Valley Coalfield were inextricably linked to the fortunes of a 50-year coal boom. Life in the Little Cities of Black Diamonds was not always easy or prosperous. Employment in the mines and clay plants rose and fell with economic conditions, and labor-management conflict led to strikes and violence. Even today, smoke from a mine fire, set deep underground during a strike in the 1880s, occasionally appears at the surface. Little Cities of Black Diamonds takes an intimate look at the miners, merchants, managers, and magnates who built the cities, villages, businesses, and homes of the Hocking Valley coal boom period. Since collapse of the coal industry around 1920, much has been lost, but the coal boom legacy lives on. In places such as Shawnee, New Straitsville, Eclipse, Glouster, and Haydenville, a small group of dedicated citizens works tirelessly to record, preserve, and celebrate the region’s rich heritage.

Llanharan $48.47 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Llanharan is a small village in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. Llanharan thrived during the British industrial revolution, with several tin and coal mines in the location providing employment to the town’s residents. With the decline of heavy industry in the South Wales Coalfield, Llanharan has been in economic decline, though its proximity to the

Llanharan $67.2 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Llanharan is a small village in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. Llanharan thrived during the British industrial revolution, with several tin and coal mines in the location providing employment to the town’s residents. With the decline of heavy industry in the South Wales Coalfield, Llanharan has been in economic decline, though its proximity to the

Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2004 $203.95 New – This book contains information covering all mines & quarries, except deep mined coal, for mineral extraction in Great Britain. Information is published, by mineral, at both county and region level. It contains data on the extracted sales of chalk, clays, crushed rock, dolomite, granite, gypsum, limestone, ore minerals, peat, salt, sandstone, sand and gravel, slate plus a few minor minerals; and employment for each quarry type. Government uses this information for land-use planning to ensur

Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2004 $133.37 New – This book contains information covering all mines & quarries, except deep mined coal, for mineral extraction in Great Britain. Information is published, by mineral, at both county and region level. It contains data on the extracted sales of chalk, clays, crushed rock, dolomite, granite, gypsum, limestone, ore minerals, peat, salt, sandstone, sand and gravel, slate plus a few minor minerals; and employment for each quarry type. Government uses this information for land-use planning to ensur

Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2004 $22.86 Used – This book contains information covering all mines & quarries, except deep mined coal, for mineral extraction in Great Britain. Information is published, by mineral, at both county and region level. It contains data on the extracted sales of chalk, clays, crushed rock, dolomite, granite, gypsum, limestone, ore minerals, peat, salt, sandstone, sand and gravel, slate plus a few minor minerals; and employment for each quarry type. Government uses this information for land-use planning to ensu

Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2004 $46.55 Used – This book contains information covering all mines & quarries, except deep mined coal, for mineral extraction in Great Britain. Information is published, by mineral, at both county and region level. It contains data on the extracted sales of chalk, clays, crushed rock, dolomite, granite, gypsum, limestone, ore minerals, peat, salt, sandstone, sand and gravel, slate plus a few minor minerals; and employment for each quarry type. Government uses this information for land-use planning to ensu

Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2005 $61.82 Used – This work provides information covering all mines & quarries, except deep mined coal, for mineral extraction in Great Britain. This information is published, by mineral, at both county and region level. This work contains data on the extracted sales of chalk, clays, crushed rock, dolomite, granite, gypsum, limestone, ore minerals, peat, salt, sandstone, sand and gravel, slate plus a few minor minerals; and employment for each quarry type. Government uses this information for land-use plan

Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2005 $32.47 Used – This work provides information covering all mines & quarries, except deep mined coal, for mineral extraction in Great Britain. This information is published, by mineral, at both county and region level. This work contains data on the extracted sales of chalk, clays, crushed rock, dolomite, granite, gypsum, limestone, ore minerals, peat, salt, sandstone, sand and gravel, slate plus a few minor minerals; and employment for each quarry type. Government uses this information for land-use plan

Mines of Flintshire and Denbighshire: Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom, 1845-1913 $106.01 New – This is the tenth volume in The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom series and continues the coverage of Central and North Wales. It gives details of the output, ownership, management and employment at several hundred mines, mainly around the lead districts of Halkyn and Minera mountains. The data provides an invaluable aid to the interpretation of surviving site remains and the book’s use as a field guide is facilitated by the addition of modern Ordnance Survey Grid References. The o

Mines of Flintshire and Denbighshire: Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom, 1845-1913 $163.24 New – This is the tenth volume in The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom series and continues the coverage of Central and North Wales. It gives details of the output, ownership, management and employment at several hundred mines, mainly around the lead districts of Halkyn and Minera mountains. The data provides an invaluable aid to the interpretation of surviving site remains and the book’s use as a field guide is facilitated by the addition of modern Ordnance Survey Grid References. The o

Mines of Flintshire and Denbighshire: Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom, 1845-1913 $19.2 Used – This is the tenth volume in The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom series and continues the coverage of Central and North Wales. It gives details of the output, ownership, management and employment at several hundred mines, mainly around the lead districts of Halkyn and Minera mountains. The data provides an invaluable aid to the interpretation of surviving site remains and the book’s use as a field guide is facilitated by the addition of modern Ordnance Survey Grid References. The

Mines of Flintshire and Denbighshire: Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom, 1845-1913 $5.73 Used – This is the tenth volume in The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom series and continues the coverage of Central and North Wales. It gives details of the output, ownership, management and employment at several hundred mines, mainly around the lead districts of Halkyn and Minera mountains. The data provides an invaluable aid to the interpretation of surviving site remains and the book’s use as a field guide is facilitated by the addition of modern Ordnance Survey Grid References. The

Mining In Western Australia $14.14 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher’s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Gold Mining in Western Australia, Mining in Western Australia, Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, Gold Stealing Detection Unit, Claude de Bernales, Mineral Fields of Western Australia, Western Australian School of Mines, Eastern Goldfields. Excerpt: Claude Albo de Bernales (31 May 1876 – 9 December 1963) was a mining entrepreneur from Western Australia whose business activities and marketing did much to stimulate investment in Western Australia during the early years of the twentieth century. During the 1930s gold production in the State increased from £1,600,000 to £11,800,000 and employment in the industry quadrupled due in considerable part to de Bernales’ marketing of the goldfields to overseas investors. De Bernales accumulated immense wealth through complex and elaborate schemes by which he acquired many mining companies and attracted overseas investment and personal support. In the latter part of his life however, financial difficulties and ill-health saw him live as a recluse in London .Early life De Bernales was born in London , the son of a wealthy Basque, Major Manuel Edgar Albo de Bernales, and his American wife Emma Jane, née Belden. Whilst his parents lived in Paris , de Bernales was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland in the East Midlands of England and later at the University of Heidelberg in the Rhineland , Germany . He did not graduate.In 1897 de Bernales emigrated to the Western Australian goldfields, drawn like many other European immigrants to the lure of the gold rush of the region.Goldfields His first job was running the Western Machinery company which supplied and financed various mining machinery purchases for the hundreds of large and small gold mining companies in the region.In 1903 de Bernales married Bessie Picken

North Country (Widescreen) $14.97 When Josey Aimes (Academy Award winner Charlize Theron) returns to her hometown in Northern Minnesota after a failed marriage, she needs a good job. A single mother with two children to support, she turns to the predominant source of employment in the region – the iron mines. The mines provide a livelihood that has sustained a community for generations. The work is hard but the pay is good and friendships that form on the job extend into everyday life, bonding families and neighborhoods with a common thread.

Report of the Anthracite Board of Conciliation (Volume 9) $20.42 This is an OCR edition without illustrations or index. It may have numerous typos or missing text. However, purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original rare book from GeneralBooksClub.com. You can also preview excerpts from the book there. Purchasers are also entitled to a free trial membership in the General Books Club where they can select from more than a million books without charge. Volume: 9; Original Published by: Hazelton Sentinel in 1922 in 218 pages; Subjects: Arbitration, Industrial; Coal miners; Coal mines and mining; Law / Arbitration, Negotiation, Mediation; Law / Labor & Employment; Political Science / Labor & Industrial Relations; Technology & Engineering / Mining;

Senghenydd RFC $55.2 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Senghenydd Rugby Football Club are a Welsh rugby union club based in Senghenydd in South Wales. The club formed during the 1898/99 season built around the immigrant workers coming from port areas around Wales to find employment in the newly sunk Senghenydd coal mines.1904 saw the great religious revival throughout South Wales led by the lay preacher, Evan Roberts.

Senghenydd RFC $31.23 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Senghenydd Rugby Football Club are a Welsh rugby union club based in Senghenydd in South Wales. The club formed during the 1898/99 season built around the immigrant workers coming from port areas around Wales to find employment in the newly sunk Senghenydd coal mines.1904 saw the great religious revival throughout South Wales led by the lay preacher, Evan Roberts.

Senghenydd RFC $31.23 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Senghenydd Rugby Football Club are a Welsh rugby union club based in Senghenydd in South Wales. The club formed during the 1898/99 season built around the immigrant workers coming from port areas around Wales to find employment in the newly sunk Senghenydd coal mines.1904 saw the great religious revival throughout South Wales led by the lay preacher, Evan Roberts

Senghenydd RFC $55.2 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Senghenydd Rugby Football Club are a Welsh rugby union club based in Senghenydd in South Wales. The club formed during the 1898/99 season built around the immigrant workers coming from port areas around Wales to find employment in the newly sunk Senghenydd coal mines.1904 saw the great religious revival throughout South Wales led by the lay preacher, Evan Roberts

Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Transnational Corporations $72 New – The mineral subsector has traditionally offered informal and formal employment to local communities. Discovery of mines is accompanied with realignment of socio-economic and cultural context of an area. New Mineral Policy and Mineral Act were developed in 1990s that allowed foreign investors in the mining industry. The influx of foreign investment companies was received with mixed feel by the government, local communities and artisanal and small-scale miners. However there is little eviden

Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Transnational Corporations $43.65 New – The mineral subsector has traditionally offered informal and formal employment to local communities. Discovery of mines is accompanied with realignment of socio-economic and cultural context of an area. New Mineral Policy and Mineral Act were developed in 1990s that allowed foreign investors in the mining industry. The influx of foreign investment companies was received with mixed feel by the government, local communities and artisanal and small-scale miners. However there is little eviden

Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Transnational Corporations $72 Used – The mineral subsector has traditionally offered informal and formal employment to local communities. Discovery of mines is accompanied with realignment of socio-economic and cultural context of an area. New Mineral Policy and Mineral Act were developed in 1990s that allowed foreign investors in the mining industry. The influx of foreign investment companies was received with mixed feel by the government, local communities and artisanal and small-scale miners. However there is little evide

Socio-Economic Impact of Mining Transnational Corporations $43.65 Used – The mineral subsector has traditionally offered informal and formal employment to local communities. Discovery of mines is accompanied with realignment of socio-economic and cultural context of an area. New Mineral Policy and Mineral Act were developed in 1990s that allowed foreign investors in the mining industry. The influx of foreign investment companies was received with mixed feel by the government, local communities and artisanal and small-scale miners. However there is little evide

Teen Law $12.25 Teen Law is a general legal guide for teenagers everywhere. It is written in friendly, novel-like style to beckon young readers. The book covers the laws relating to auto accidents, sex, alcohol, drugs, contracts, school activities, traffic tickets and hearings, military service, curfew, insurance policies and claims, apartment leases, credit score building, copyright protection, employment, damages to you and to others, and search and seizure. Each chapter presents a unique legal subject and practical tips for understanding legal issues, avoiding legal land mines and using the law to the reader’s advantage. Reviews:– As a former prosecutor and criminal court judge and a current law school professor, I am aware of the importance of our youth taking the law seriously. In that regard, one of the most powerful tools we can provide as parents, teachers, and community leaders is a meaningful education of legal consequences. Teen Law helps us in that regard. It is comprehensive, accurate and entertaining. I recommend the book to every adult who cares about our young people.– Professor Lupe Salinas -Thurgood Marshall School of Law, Texas Southern University; Houston, Texas– I cannot overstate the importance of our youth understanding and respecting the law; it is not enough merely to say that the law is a serious matter; rather, we must find a more effective message; Teen Law strikes me as that type of message.–Donna Goode -Former Bureau Chief, Special Prosecutions Bureau; Harris County, Texas, District Attorney’s OfficeThe author, David Levin is a member of the State Bar of Texas and practices law in Houston.

The Battle for Kursk, 1943 $53.95 This volume contains an unprecedented level of detail about the Red Army’s preparation for and conduct of the famous Battle of Kursk. Prepared by the Red Army General staff in 1944 from combat reports and other top-secret archive materials, the work is an eminently practical and candid document, which was written to educate the Red Army in the intricacies, demands and pitfalls of modern warfare. As a treasure trove of fresh material, this book addresses aspects of the battle that have puzzled commentators since 1943. It provides new information on subjects ranging from overall Soviet strategic intent and military planning, engineer preparation of the battlefield, and the oft-neglected question of logistical support. Juxtaposed with the vivid details of the struggle leading up to the combat crescendo at Ponyri and Prokhorovka are such unusual matters as the employment of remote-controlled mines, electrified barbed wire and ant-tank dogs. The Battle for Kursk 1943 opens up new horizons on the operations of the Red Army at Kursk, the nature of the war on the German Eastern Front, and, in general terms, the new range of horrors that have characterised warfare in the twentieth century.

The Constitution and the Nation: The Regulatory State, 1890-1945 $29.03 New – The rapid acceleration of industrialization and the transformation of market capitalism that followed the Civil War provided new opportunities for employment and wealth for many Americans. But these opportunities came at a cost: overcrowded and unsanitary housing, long work hours in dangerous conditions, and child labor in factories and mines. At the nineteenth century’s end, Progressivism emerged as a national movement to redress the extreme imbalances in wealth and power that had come to

The Constitution and the Nation: The Regulatory State, 1890-1945 $14.72 Used – The rapid acceleration of industrialization and the transformation of market capitalism that followed the Civil War provided new opportunities for employment and wealth for many Americans. But these opportunities came at a cost: overcrowded and unsanitary housing, long work hours in dangerous conditions, and child labor in factories and mines. At the nineteenth century’s end, Progressivism emerged as a national movement to redress the extreme imbalances in wealth and power that had come t

The Constitution and the Nation: The Regulatory State, 1890-1945 $14.72 New – The rapid acceleration of industrialization and the transformation of market capitalism that followed the Civil War provided new opportunities for employment and wealth for many Americans. But these opportunities came at a cost: overcrowded and unsanitary housing, long work hours in dangerous conditions, and child labor in factories and mines. At the nineteenth century’s end, Progressivism emerged as a national movement to redress the extreme imbalances in wealth and power that had come to

The Constitution and the Nation: The Regulatory State, 1890-1945 $25.15 Used – The rapid acceleration of industrialization and the transformation of market capitalism that followed the Civil War provided new opportunities for employment and wealth for many Americans. But these opportunities came at a cost: overcrowded and unsanitary housing, long work hours in dangerous conditions, and child labor in factories and mines. At the nineteenth century’s end, Progressivism emerged as a national movement to redress the extreme imbalances in wealth and power that had come t

The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures: A Illustrated by Extracts from the Reports of the Commissioners for Inquiring Into the Employment of Children and Young Persons in Mines and Collieries $26.59 New – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as par

The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures: A Illustrated by Extracts from the Reports of the Commissioners for Inquiring Into the Employment of Children and Young Persons in Mines and Collieries $16.22 Used – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as pa

The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures: A Illustrated by Extracts from the Reports of the Commissioners for Inquiring Into the Employment of Children and Young Persons in Mines and Collieries $16.22 New – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as par

The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures: A Illustrated by Extracts from the Reports of the Commissioners for Inquiring Into the Employment of Children and Young Persons in Mines and Collieries $26.59 Used – This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR’d book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as pa

The Queen’s Mines $11.69 Used – Set in England’s Reading in the county of Berkshire, The Queen’s Mines narrates the life of a foreign student’s struggle to realise his dreams by earning as much money as possible to augment the often inadequate student allowances within the limited time of their stay in Britain. Many of the foreign students stay longer after their studies, and sometimes permanently for a variety of reasons, including perceived better employment prospects and a better life. With the help of his friends, C

The Queen’s Mines $11.34 Used – Set in England’s Reading in the county of Berkshire, The Queen’s Mines narrates the life of a foreign student’s struggle to realise his dreams by earning as much money as possible to augment the often inadequate student allowances within the limited time of their stay in Britain. Many of the foreign students stay longer after their studies, and sometimes permanently for a variety of reasons, including perceived better employment prospects and a better life. With the help of his friends, C

The Queen’s Mines $10.82 New – Set in England’s Reading in the county of Berkshire, The Queen’s Mines narrates the life of a foreign student’s struggle to realise his dreams by earning as much money as possible to augment the often inadequate student allowances within the limited time of their stay in Britain. Many of the foreign students stay longer after their studies, and sometimes permanently for a variety of reasons, including perceived better employment prospects and a better life. With the help of his friends, Ch

The Queen’s Mines $11.34 New – Set in England’s Reading in the county of Berkshire, The Queen’s Mines narrates the life of a foreign student’s struggle to realise his dreams by earning as much money as possible to augment the often inadequate student allowances within the limited time of their stay in Britain. Many of the foreign students stay longer after their studies, and sometimes permanently for a variety of reasons, including perceived better employment prospects and a better life. With the help of his friends, Ch

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $46.84 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $32.81 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $19.68 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $27.31 Used – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $183.95 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents Include: The New Power The New Discipline The New Town Justice Order The Economic Condition The War On The Trade Unions The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys The Mind Of The Rich The Conscience of the Rich The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union (II) The Spirit ofreligion The Mind of the Poor Conclusion Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $19.68 Used – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $81.15 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents Include: The New Power The New Discipline The New Town Justice Order The Economic Condition The War On The Trade Unions The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys The Mind Of The Rich The Conscience of the Rich The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union (II) The Spirit ofreligion The Mind of the Poor Conclusion Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $123.31 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents Include: The New Power The New Discipline The New Town Justice Order The Economic Condition The War On The Trade Unions The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys The Mind Of The Rich The Conscience of the Rich The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union (II) The Spirit ofreligion The Mind of the Poor Conclusion Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $27.31 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $32.81 Used – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $46.84 Used – Originally published in 1920. Contents include: The New Power – The New Discipline – The New Town – Justice – Order – The Economic Condition – The War On The Trade Unions – The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill – The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys – The Mind Of The Rich – The Conscience of the Rich – The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union – (II) The Spirit ofreligion – The Mind of the Poor – Conclusion – Authorities.

The Town Labourer – 1760-1832 $119.41 New – Originally published in 1920. Contents Include: The New Power The New Discipline The New Town Justice Order The Economic Condition The War On The Trade Unions The Employment of Children: (I) The Mill The Employment of Children: (II) Mines And Chimneys The Mind Of The Rich The Conscience of the Rich The Defences of the Poor: (I) The Spirit Of The Union (II) The Spirit ofreligion The Mind of the Poor Conclusion Authorities.

Tuscarawas County, Ohio (Images of America Series) $10.95 Although comprised of only 18 communities, Tuscarawas County, Ohio boasts a long and varied history. Incorporated in 1808, it is rich in Native American and early pioneer lore. It is the birthplace of the first pioneer settlement in the Ohio Country (1772-1777), and was home to the only Revolutionary War Fort in the state, erected in 1778 near Bolivar, Ohio. Baseball great Cy Young was born and is buried here. The Society of Separatists of Zoar experimented with one of the most successful endeavors in communal living in American history.Coal mines, a significant source of employment for residents of the county, dotted the countryside. The Ohio Erie Canal, which ran the entire length of the county, provided transportation for area goods and people. Major flooding in 1913 caused intensive damage to low-lying settlements. More recently, archaeological expeditions have sketched an image of early life in these communities, and have even uncovered a Revolutionary War Burial Site.

USED: North Country [P&S] $2.99 A fictionalized account of one of America’s most groundbreaking sexual harassment lawsuits comes to the screen in this hard-hitting drama. In the late ’80s, Josey Aimes (Charlize Theron) fled her abusive husband, and needed to find a way to support her two children. Aimes returned to her hometown in Minnesota and followed the lead of her old friend Glory (Frances McDormand), who had bucked tradition and found a job in the iron mines that had long provided employment for much of the community. Aimes found honest labor and a living wage working the mines, but she also discovered she was working with men who were uncomfortable working with women (whose right to work in the mines had been mandated by law almost 15 years prior), and didn’t care to show them much respect. However, as Aimes found herself the growing target of sexist jokes and abhorrent behavior, she found that many of her female co-workers were reluctant to stand beside her, afraid of losing a good-paying job at a time when they were increasingly hard to find. But as a personal crisis became a public war of words, Aimes became the center of a nationwide controversy when she attempted to file a class action sexual harassment suit against the mine owners, which put her and her family in a position of scrutiny beyond her worst expectations. North Country also stars Sean Bean, Sissy Spacek, and Woody Harrelson. ~ Mark Deming, All Movie Guide

USS Falcon (AM-28) $55.99 Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The third USS Falcon, (AM-28/ASR-2) was Lapwing-class minesweeper in the United States Navy. Later she became a submarine rescue ship. Falcon was launched 7 September 1918 by Gas Engine and Power Co., and C. L. Seabury Co., Morris Heights, New York; sponsored by Mrs. W. J. Parslow; and commissioned 12 November 1918, Lieutenant B. E. Rigg in command. She was reclassified ASR-2 on 12 September 1929. Originally commanded by Sam Trohman, from December 1918 to May 1919, Falcon served on temporary duty in the 4th Naval District as a lightship. After towing targets and various craft along the U.S. East Coast, an occupation with salvage duty which was to be her major employment for many years, she sailed from New York on 8 August 1919 for Kirkwall, Orkney Islands, Scotland. For two months she aided in clearing the North Sea of the vast number of mines laid there in World War I, returning to Charleston, South Carolina, 28 November 1919.

Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines and Mine Warfare Techniques $21.77 New – This 1967 U. S. Army Training Circular is a guide for commanders and staff in the orientation and training of personnel for operations in the Republic of Vietnam. It encompasses Viet Cong mine and boobytrap materiel, techniques of employment, and defensive measures to be taken against Viet Cong mine and boobytrap activities.Contents: IntroductionMines and DemolitionsFuzes and Firing DevicesBoobytrapsMine Warfare TechniquesDefense Against Viet Cong Mines and Boobytraps

Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines and Mine Warfare Techniques $17.65 New – This 1967 U. S. Army Training Circular is a guide for commanders and staff in the orientation and training of personnel for operations in the Republic of Vietnam. It encompasses Viet Cong mine and boobytrap materiel, techniques of employment, and defensive measures to be taken against Viet Cong mine and boobytrap activities.Contents: IntroductionMines and DemolitionsFuzes and Firing DevicesBoobytrapsMine Warfare TechniquesDefense Against Viet Cong Mines and Boobytraps

Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines and Mine Warfare Techniques $17.65 Used – This 1967 U. S. Army Training Circular is a guide for commanders and staff in the orientation and training of personnel for operations in the Republic of Vietnam. It encompasses Viet Cong mine and boobytrap materiel, techniques of employment, and defensive measures to be taken against Viet Cong mine and boobytrap activities.Contents: IntroductionMines and DemolitionsFuzes and Firing DevicesBoobytrapsMine Warfare TechniquesDefense Against Viet Cong Mines and Boobytraps

Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines and Mine Warfare Techniques $21.77 Used – This 1967 U. S. Army Training Circular is a guide for commanders and staff in the orientation and training of personnel for operations in the Republic of Vietnam. It encompasses Viet Cong mine and boobytrap materiel, techniques of employment, and defensive measures to be taken against Viet Cong mine and boobytrap activities.Contents: IntroductionMines and DemolitionsFuzes and Firing DevicesBoobytrapsMine Warfare TechniquesDefense Against Viet Cong Mines and Boobytraps

When The Mines Closed: Stories of Struggles in Hard Times $24.95 The anthracite region of northeastern Pennsylvania, five hundred square miles of rugged hills stretching between Tower City and Carbondale, harbored coal deposits that once heated virtually all the homes and businesses in Eastern cities. At its peak during World War I, the coal industry here employed 170,000 miners, and supported almost 1,000,000 people. Today, with coal workers numbering 1,500, only 5,000 people depend on the industry for their livelihood. Between these two points in time lies a story of industrial decline, of working people facing incremental and cataclysmic changes in their world. When the Mines Closed tells this story in the words of men and women who experienced these dramatic changes and in more than eighty photographs of these individuals, their families, and the larger community.Award-winning historian Thomas Dublin interviewed a cross-section of residents and migrants from the region, who gave their own accounts of their work and family lives before and after the mines closed. Most of the narrators, six men and seven women, came of age during the Great Depression and entered area mines or, in the case of the women, garment factories, in their teens. They describe the difficult choices they faced, and the long-standing ethnic, working-class values and traditions they drew upon, when after World War II the mines began to shut down. Some left the region, others commuted to work at a distance, still others struggled to find employment locally.The photographs taken by George Harvan, a lifelong resident of the area and the son of a Slovak-born coal miner, document residents’ lives over the course of fifty years. Dublin’s introductory essay offers a briefhistory of anthracite mining and the region and establishes a broader interpretive framework for the narratives and photographs.